midterm สมร สุภาแก้ว

1. Explain the correlation of the idea that language is used as a correlation between gestures and meaning?
A. GESTURES-----------------MEANING
It is not the case that every possible meaning that can be expressed with a unique, unanalyzable gesture, be it oral or manual, Rather, each language ht a stock of meaning-bearing elements and different ways of combining them to express different meanings, and these ways of combining them are themselves meaningful.

B. GESTURES------ARRANGEMENT---------MEANING
These changes in the form of the words to indicate their function in the sentence are what Matthews referred to as ‘inflections’, and the study of the formation of words and how they may change their form is called morphology. This examples illustrate the important relationship between syntax and morphology: something which may be expressed syntactically in some language may be expressed morphologically in others. Which element is subject and which is object is signaled syntactically in the example from English, Lakhota and Toba, while it is expressed morphologically in the Russian examples. Syntax and morphology make up what is traditionally referred to as ‘grammar’; an alternative term for it is morphosyntax, which explicitly recognizes the important relationship between syntax and morphology.

2. To understand Syntax perfectly well, we need to under the other linguistic branch ‘Morphology.’ Why is that? Can you try to analyze using the following data.
a. Barking dogs does not bite
ประธาน กับ verb ไม่ agree กัน เพราะ dogs เป็น พหูพจน์ จะใช้ does not ไม่ได้ จะต้องใช้ do not จึงจะถูกไวยกรณ์

b. All men is create equal
men เป็นพหูพจน์ไม่ต้องใช้ all ก็ได้ , is เป็น verb and create เป็น verb แท้ verb ทั้งสองนี้จะใช้ด้วยกันไม่ได้ ถ้าจะใช้ ด้วยกัน create จะต้องเติม ed, ing

c. How long is your feet? One foot
เป็นคำถามที่ไม่สมบูรณ์เพราะไม่รู้ว่า one foot เป็นเท้า 1 ข้าง หรือเป็นเครื่องชี้วัดที่เรียกว่า 1 ฟุต ถ้าจะทำประโยคคำถามให้สมบูรณ์จะต้องใช้ How long is your foot? แค่นี้ก็รู้ว่าเท้า 1 ข้างของคุณยาวเท่าไร เพราะคำว่า foot หมายถึงเท้า 1 ข้างอยู่แล้ว ไม่จำเป็นต้องใช้ one foot.

3. Experience of language------language faculty ------ Grammar of L
- Competence : a term used to represent native speaker ’ s knowledge of the grammar of native language.

- Performance : a term which denotes observed language be haviour.

- Species-specific : whatever evidence we do have seems to me to support the view that the ability to acquire and use language is a species-specific human capacity, that there are very deep and restrictive principles that determine that nature of human language and are rooted in the specific character of human mind.

- Linguistic Acquisition Device--LAD : The Language Acquisition Device ( LAD ) is a postulated “ organ ” of the brain that is supposed to function as a congenital device for learning symbolic language (ie language acquisition). First proposed by Noam Chomsky ; the LAD concept is a component of the nativist theory of language which dominates contemporary formal linguistics, which asserts that humans are born with the instinct or “ innate facility ” for acquiring language.

- Principles and Parameter Theory -- PTT : this theory, developed in Chomsky and much subsequent work, claims that natural language grammars in corporate not only a set of innate universal principles while account for those aspects of grammar which are common to all language but also a set of parameters which account for those aspects of grammar which vary from one language to another.

4. Compare Thai and English in term of the followings
a. Cause
case ในภาษาอังกฤษ subject กับ verb จะต้องสัมพันธ์กัน verb จะต้องผันตามประธานเสมอเมื่อพูดถึงบุคคลบุรุษที่ 3 เช่น he, she และสิ่งของ 1 สิ่ง คำเหล่านี้เป็นประธาน verb จะต้องเติม s, es
case ในภาษาไทย verb จะไม่ผันตามประธาน

b. Number
number ในภาษาอังกฤษ เมื่อพูดถืงจำนวนของสิ่งของจะทราบจำนวนที่ชัดเจน เช่น
- มีเด็กประมาณ 1000 คน มาร่วมงานวันเด็กที่สนามบินน่าน
Number ในภาษาไทย เมี่อพูดถืงจำนวนสิ่งของจะไม่บอกจำนวนที่ชัดเจนแต่จะรู้ว่ามีจำนวนมาก จะไม่บอกชัดเจนเหมือนภาษาอังกฤษ เช่น
- มีเด็ก ๆ จำนวนมากมาร่วมงานวันเด็กที่สนามบินน่าน

c. Sentence/Phrase Structure
Phrase structure rulesFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaJump to: navigation, search Phrase-structure rules were used in early transformat ional grammar (TGG) to describe a given language's syntax. They were used to break a natural language sentence down into its constituent parts (also known as syntactic categories) namely phrasal categories and lexical categories (aka parts of speech). Phrasal categories include the noun phrase, verb phrase, and prepositional phrase; lexical categories include noun, verb, adjective, adverb, and many others. Phrase structure rules were not an invention of TGG; rather, early TGG's defining characteristics were those systems which it had in addition to phrase structure rules (the most obvious example being transformations; see the page transformational grammar for an overview of the development of TGG.) A grammar which uses phrase structure rules is called a phrase structure grammar.



5. Employ any means to show clearly the concept of ‘Constituent’ and ‘Construction’ of the following sentence.


John normally smokes cigarettes in the morning.

S

NP VP


N ( normally smokes cigarettes in the morning )


John

[Present] VP Adverbial



Prep. Determiner N
normally smokes cigarettes


in the morning
Adverb V N

Normally smokes cigarettes


มี 6 construction 13 constituent






6. Underline the equal constituent with the underline one.

a. Micheal Moore wrote a book about the President George Bush and Donal Rumsfeld.

b. Kenny G performed his concert in Bangkok and in Uttaradit.

c. His Majesty the King is highly regarded not only as the talented Jazz musician but also as the great scientist.




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